SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader
Western blot, imaging, and injectors on one configurable microplate reader
Western blot, imaging, and injectors on one configurable microplate reader
The SpectraMax® i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader measures absorbance, fluorescence, and luminescence with available upgrades including western blot, cell imaging, and fast kinetics with injectors plus additional detection modes. With the SpectraMax® MiniMax™ 300 Imaging Cytometer, industry-leading SoftMax® Pro Software, and user-configurable detection modules, the reader provides you with the ability to explore cellular pathways and protein expression on one microplate reader.
User-configurable detection modules expand the reader’s detection capabilities to include AlphaScreen, Time-Resolved Fluorescence, HTRF, fast kinetics with injectors, western blot detection, and more.
The StainFree™ Cell Detection Algorithm for brightfield cell segmentation enables cell counting and confluency measurement without destructive stains, simplifying the cell counting workflow.
Two fluorescence detection channels on the MiniMax cytometer enable the analysis of cell viability or cell toxicity assays, including ratiometric assays like live-dead and transfection efficiency.
Cell confluence and cell viability imaging, western blot analysis, and quantitation of nucleic acids and protein, can be captured on one reader.
Observe the viability of your cells with the field-upgradeable cellular imaging option for the SpectraMax i3x Multi-mode Detection Platform.
The field-upgradeable SpectraMax® MiniMax™ 300 Imaging Cytometer enables quick imaging and analysis of cells and gives you a front-row view of phenotypic changes that accompany cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and protein expression. Now with StainFree™ Cell counting Technology, additional brightfield analysis features, and fluorescent green and red detection channels.
Our comprehensive suite of proven compliance solutions for GMP/GLP labs can advance your efforts to quickly and confidently establish a compliant laboratory.
Learn all about absorbance detection – how it works, how it’s measured, and how it can be used to calculate concentration. We also provide information on common absorbance applications and assays including ELISAs, nucleic acid and protein quantitation, and microbial growth.
AlphaScreen® Technology is a homogeneous, high-throughput method for detecting intramolecular binding. Donor and acceptor beads are attached to biomolecules, and when the beads are brought into proximity (via binding), a cascade of chemical reactions occurs, amplifying a signal that is detected on the SpectraMax® i3x and Paradigm® Multi-Mode Microplate Readers.
Cell viability refers to the number of healthy cells in a population and can be evaluated using assays that measure enzyme activity, cell membrane integrity, ATP production, and other indicators. These methods can employ luminescent, fluorescent, or colorimetric readouts as indicators of general cell viability or even specific cellular pathways. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays are often used to assess a drug or other treatment’s effect, and are valuable tools in the search for new therapeutics, as well as advancing our understanding of how normal cells function.
Transition of a cell through the cell cycle can be monitored using fluorescently labeled cell cycle proteins that are cyclically expressed and degraded. FUCCI technology is based on the overexpression the cell cycle-dependent proteins geminin and Cdt1, respectively fused to a green fluorophore and a red fluorophore. Cdt1 levels peak in G1 phase, so cells in G1 appear green; geminin levels rise in late S, G2 and M phase, so cells in these phases appear red.
Cell migration, the movement of cells from one location to another, is a critical component of both normal and abnormal biological processes. The migration of fluorescently labeled cells from one area of a microplate well to another can be monitored using a cellular imaging system. Automated analysis software calculates the amount of cell migration in each well.
Cellular signaling allows cells to respond to their environment as well as to communicate with other cells. Proteins located on the cell surface can receive signals from the surroundings and transmit information into the cell via a series of protein interactions and biochemical reactions that comprise a signaling pathway. Multicellular organisms rely upon an extensive array of signaling pathways to coordinate the proper growth, regulation, and functioning of cells and tissues. If signaling between or within cells is dysregulated, inappropriate cellular responses may lead to cancer and other diseases.
The drug discovery landscape is shifting, with more scientists centering cell line development, disease models, and high-throughput screening methods around physiologically-relevant 3D cell models. The reason for this is clear: Using cellular model systems in research that closely mimic patient disease states or human organs can bring life-saving therapeutics to market – faster.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are used to measure the amount of a specific protein, using a microplate format, and results are most often detected via absorbance in the visible wavelength range. Chemiluminescent and fluorescent ELISA formats offer enhanced sensitivity for accurate quantitation of less abundant analytes.
Learn all about fluorescence detection – what it is, how it works, and the instruments used to measure the fluorescence of a sample. We also cover many fluorescence-based assays including cell viability, GPCR activity, and fluorescent nucleic acid quantification.
Fluorescence polarization (FP) is a technique that is widely used to monitor binding events in solution. It can be used to assess biomolecular interactions, including protein-antibody binding and DNA hybridization, as well as enzyme activity, and it has been adapted to basic research as well as high-throughput screening.
In therapeutic protein engineering and cell line development, IgG quantification is the process of measuring the amount of immunoglobulin G (IgG), a common class of therapeutic proteins, produced by a genetically modified cell line. This is important for evaluating and monitoring the productivity of the cell line and selecting the best candidate for further development of therapeutic antibodies.
Kinases are one of the most critical targets in drug discovery today. These enzymes are key components in cellular signaling pathways, and disruption to their function causes a variety of diseases, such as metabolic diseases, certain cancers, and cardiac disease. The functionally related phosphatases and phosphodiesterases are also important screening targets.
Learn about luminescence detection – what it is, how it works, and the advantages of luminescence over other detection modes. We’ll cover key luminescence-based assays including dual-luciferase reporter gene, chemiluminescent ELISA, cytotoxicity, and BRET.
Microbes, including bacteria, have been estimated to make up about 15 percent of the earth’s biomass, and microbes in the human body outnumber human cells by 10 to 1. These microorganisms provide great benefit to us and are also vital to many fields of research from medicine to alternative energy production. On the other hand, monitoring for microbes and the toxic substances they produce is necessary to ensure the safety of pharmaceutical products. Scientists whose research relies on mammalian cells must carefully monitor these cultures for unwanted microbial contaminants to ensure that their experimental results are reliable.
Nanomaterials are typically less than 100 nm in diameter, small enough to penetrate mammalian cells. They can be synthesized in many shapes, such as rods, tubes, and particles, as well as in different materials. Targeting or therapeutic molecules can be readily attached to nanoparticles, and when these are delivered systemically, the targeting molecules enable detection of certain cell populations, such as tumor cells, while attached therapeutic compounds can act on the targeted cells.
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules common to all known life forms. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) consists of a double strand of pairs of nucleotides, while ribonucleic acid (RNA) is typically a single strand. In DNA, the nucleotides are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. DNA makes up the genetic material of all organisms, encoding the information cells need to synthesize proteins.
Protein detection, quantitation, and analysis are central to the investigation of a wide variety of biological processes. Measuring the concentration of protein is necessary to processes ranging from protein purification and labeling to sample preparation for electrophoresis. Protein can be quantitated directly via absorbance at 280 nm, or indirectly using colorimetric (BCA, Bradford, etc.) or fluorometric methods offering advantages such as greater sensitivity. To identify and measure a specific protein within a complex sample, for example, serum or cell lysate, an ELISA may be used.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, but researchers are making enormous strides towards understanding its underlying mechanisms and working towards new treatments. Spheroids, 3D aggregates of cells in culture, have emerged as a valuable research tool that provides more physiological relevance than traditional 2D cell culture.
Learn how spheroids formed using a variety of cancer cell types are analyzed on the SpectraMax® i3x microplate reader with MiniMax™ cytometer using methods featured in our application notes:
Learn all about time-resolved fluorescence – TRF and TR-FRET including HTRF assays. We’ll provide applications resources to aid in your research, including kinase assays, cellular signaling pathways, protein-protein interactions, cell cytotoxicity, and more.
Western blotting is a popular technique used for protein detection and quantitation. Learn about the various techniques used to detect proteins on western blot membranes including colorimetric, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence. We’ll also introduce you to a novel, first-of-its-kind western blot detection system on a multi-mode microplate reader.
Scientific Poster
Gene editing allows us to manipulate DNA through deletions, additions, or other modifications using several tools. There are numerous efficient strategies to carry out these modifica…
Blog
Since its discovery nearly 50 years ago, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has become the gold standard in diagnostics and drug evaluation studies. Using an ELISA, one can…
Publications
According to Biocompare, “one of the most overlooked pieces of equipment in any lab is the microplate reader. While they play an important role in generating data from a wide range o…
Application Note
Accurate quantification of nucleic acid concentration is important for downstream applications including transfection, cloning, PCR, and next generation sequencing (NGS). Often, these…
Application Note
Many microplate readers and spectrophotometers use a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to detect fluorescence and luminescence signals. PMTs work by initially detecting photons from the…
Publications
The pharmaceutical world is a highly regulated environment. And for good reason. As a potential drug moves through the development process – from the in vitro discovery phase, to pre…
Blog
SLAS Europe 2022, hosted numerous sessions packed with the latest research on emerging topics as well as sessions and panel discussions focused on how to build, and succeed, in a…
Flyer
How to upgrade your SpectraMax® i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader with additional detection modes
Blog
Advancements in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have allowed numerous breakthroughs in recent decades. The importance of cell line development needs an honorable mention.…
Blog
As your lab’s needs expand, automating every step of an intricate workflow provides exponential value. From increased walk-away time and throughput to reduced human error and improved…
eBook
We understand what a challenging time this is for those who are working to get accelerated testing and medicines to the market as soon as possible and are committed to supporting sci…
Scientific Poster
Assessing the generation of thrombin in a plasma sample allows researchers to better understand coagulation mechanisms. To accommodate the needs of researchers to determine the timed…
Blog
Global research efforts are focused on understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to develop potential therapies for COVID-19. Join us as we explore a scientific timeline of key…
Blog
SLAS2022, the Society for Lab Automation and Screening conference offered another exciting year for learning about innovative laboratory technologies. Whether you attended in-person…
eBook
Evaluating microplate readers doesn’t have to be overwhelming. First, consider your application needs. If your budget is modest, a single-mode reader dedicated to your main applicati…
Application Note
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has necessitated the fast-tracked development of many research tools for understanding this virus’s pathogenesis, as well…
Application Note
The MAPK/ERK cell signaling pathway begins with the activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase located at the cell surface, involves a series of kinase phosphorylation steps (kinase…
Scientific Poster
Biologic drugs are the largest and fastest growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry with sales of €500bn and an annual growth of 8%. Every manufacturing process for potential b…
Publications
Lab Manager speaks to Dan O’Connor, vice president, drug discovery, Molecular Devices, about the company’s Organoid Innovation Center in San Jose, CA. The center is 180 sq. ft., with…
Publications
Molecular Devices, a provider of innovative life science technology, recently unveiled a brand new, first-of-its-kind Organoid Innovation Center. Situated at the company’s global hea…
Blog
The regulations for food and drug in the United States, described in the Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and the EudraLex Annex 11 in EU, are critical in ensuring safe…
Application Note
As part of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, infected individuals produce virus-specific antibodies that are detectable in the blood within one to three weeks after the onset of…
Application Note
Biologic drugs are the largest and fastest growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry with sales of €500bn and an annual growth of 8%. Every manufacturing process for potential…
Blog
For over 40 years, Molecular Devices has been at the forefront of technological advances which have contributed to significant scientific breakthroughs. To kick off the new year, we…
Application Note
Double-stranded DNA is typically quantitated in microplate readers by measuring the absorbance of the DNA solution at 260 nm. However, this method is only able to measure down to about…
Publications
Scientists take many roads to overcoming bottlenecks in workflows. For example, a workstation including a microplate reader can handle multiple steps, which improves efficiency and a…
eBook
Immunology is now, more than anytime in recent history, one of the top fields of research. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) continue to enjoy intense interest as potential therapeutics.…
Blog
Over the past three decades, ELISA or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, has become vital to many areas of research and has shown to have many applications—from detecting food and…
Application Note
The Tag-lite HTRF platform from Cisbio enables efficient labeling of proteins of interest on targeted sites with HTRF fluorophores. A cell surface receptor can be inserted into a SNAP-…
Application Note
HTRF® is a versatile technology developed by Cisbio Bioassays for detecting biomolecular interactions.
Application Note
This technical note is designed to provide information to help the user define the optimal experimental conditions for converting existing assays to a robust fluorescence polarization…
Brochure
The SpectraMax® i Series Multi-Mode Mode Microplate Readers offer the ideal solution for any application or budget. Whether you are looking for an intuitive, easy-to-use reader for y…
eBook
See more, and do more, with an imaging cytometer that enables rapid imaging and cell analysis, giving you a better view of cell proliferation, marker expression, and cytotoxicity
…
eBook
HTRF® is a versatile TR-FRET technology developed by Cisbio for detecting biomolecular interactions. Assays encompass the areas of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), kinases and cel…
Application Note
When comparing instruments, one must choose a metric by which to measure their performance. Typically, one is interested in how “sensitive” an instrument is, but sensitivity can be…
Application Note
Control Standard Endotoxin (CSE) was reconstituted with the volume of LAL reagent water (LRW) indicated on the Certificate of Analysis included with the kit to yield a solution of 100…
Application Note
HTRF assays from Cisbio have evolved to encompass the areas of G protein-coupled receptors, kinases and cell signaling, epigenetics, and biomarkers.
Application Note
Transcreener® HTS is a universal, high throughput biochemical assay platform based on the detection of nucleotides, which are formed by thousands of cellular enzymes—many of which…
Customer Breakthrough
Based in France, ETAP-Lab is a Contract Research Organization (CRO) providing its clients with preclinical services in the fields of Dermatolo…
Flyer
ATP standards ranging from 1 μM to 1 pM were prepared as a 10-fold serial dilution series in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). 50 μL of standard was pipetted into the wells of a white…
Application Note
Temperature controlled kinetic measurements are often used for enzymatic reactions as well as cell-based assays. Here, we provide technical background on the heating element design of…
Application Note
Monitoring samples for contaminants is a critical step during the production process in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries.
eBook
Gain valuable insights into neurobiology, from evaluation of ion channels to analysis of 3D neuron organoids.
Application Note
Difficult-to-kill bacteria have become a problem in hospital-acquired infections. Identifying compounds which kill these bacteria is of interest to many pharmaceutical companies.…
Application Note
Learn how to measure oxidative metabolism and glycolytic activity on the SpectraMax i3x reader using assays from Agilent Technologies.
Application Note
Learn how HepG2 cells can be bioprinted using a magnetic 3D cell culture system and imaged on the SpectraMax i3x plate reader with MiniMax 300 Imager.
Application Note
CatchPoint SimpleStep ELISA kits give users a 90-minute ELISA workflow, a nearly two-thirds reduction in time compared to conventional ELISAs.
eBook
Study protein-protein interaction to cell cycle analysis in spheroids with patented microplate reader technologies.…
Application Note
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a central role in autoimmunity and inflammatory and infectious diseases. They are also key players in metabolic disorders and oncology,…
Customer Breakthrough
Professor Andrea Townsend-Nicholson is interested in personalised medicine - helping develop bespoke therapeutics for individuals.
Research in Andrea’s group focuses primarily…
Customer Breakthrough
Current models available to neuroscience researchers have limitations that hamper the development of new medicines. Complex models, such as post-mortem brains and animal models, more…
Application Note
Hematoxylin, a natural product extracted from the heartwood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylin campechianum), is the most commonly used dye for staining protocols in histology.…
Application Note
Genome editing has been widely used to study gene expression and protein function, but many of these methods are labor intensive and inaccurate. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly…
Application Note
Spheroids are small three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironments grown using a variety of specialized culture methods such as low-adhesion microplates. This 3D cell culture…
Application Note
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are important transmembrane proteins that translate extracellular signals into intracellular responses. These intracellular responses are comprised…
eBook
Biology research has been greatly simplified by the availability of standardized assay kits, instruments, and assay protocols from commercial manufacturers.
eBook
A streamlined workflow for cell counting and phenotypic characterization is critical to many experiments. Our SpectraMax® i3x microplate reader with MiniMax™ cytometer provides you w…
Application Note
Inflammation, the body’s reaction to infection, irritation, or other injury, is accompanied by increased endothelial chemokine production and adhesion molecule expression, which may…
Customer Breakthrough
Ionic Transport Assays Inc. is a contract research organization located in St Louis, MO. Since 2011, Ionic Transport Assays has performed multiple assays for customers on human induc…
Customer Breakthrough
Dr. Luis Gimenez-Lirola’s Lab, at Iowa State University in the College of Veterinary Medicine is developing assays for automated screening, and analysis of neutralizing antibody assa…
Application Note
Recently, it has been shown that changes in intracellular calcium flux associated with cardiomyocyte contractions can be monitored on a fluorescence imaging plate reader (FLIPR Tetra…
Application Note
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. In eukaryotes, these molecules are mainly created during aerobic respiration and can cause problems,…
eBook
Improve cell counts by adding cellular imaging assays in a small footprint and eliminating cell staining and confluence measurements with StainFre…
eBook
Accurate and sensitive detection of nucleic acids and proteins are critical to many experiments.
Application Note
Mycoplasma, the smallest and simplest of the prokaryotes, are common contaminants of cell cultures. Symptoms of mycoplasma contamination include a reduction in the rate of…
Customer Breakthrough
The mission of iTeos, a spin-off from the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research (LICR) and de Duve Institute (UCL), is to discover and develop immune therapies to benefit cancer patien…
Application Note
Monoclonal antibodies have long been an essential tool for cell and molecular assays and have moved into the clinic as part of a shift from small molecules into biologic treatments for…
Application Note
The second messenger 3’, 5’ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and its associated proteins have been shown to be integral in regulating physiological responses such as smooth muscle…
Application Note
Apoptosis is an important process in embryonic development as well as in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Assays for apoptosis and cell viability can provide information on the…
Application Note
A key part of drug screening programs is monitoring effects of candidate drugs on mitochondrial health. Mitochondrial activity can be readily analyzed using fluorescent dyes available…
Application Note
Imaging cell-based assays typically requires the use of fluorescent probes that can be toxic to living cells or may only function in fixed cells. A label-free method for analyzing cell…
Application Note
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a group of enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond of cAMP and cGMP, second messengers that are involved in a variety of biological…
Application Note
Expression of fluorescent proteins, for example, green fluorescent proteins (GFP), is often used as a read-out for reporter gene assays. In a typical reporter assay, the regulatory…
Application Note
HTRF is a versatile technology developed by Cisbio Bioassays for detecting biomolecular interactions1. It combines fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology with time-…
Application Note
Quantitation of protein using UV absorbance is a rapid, nondestructive method that relies on the absorbance of near-UV wavelengths of light by the tryptophan and tyrosine residues in a…
Application Note
The assessment of cardiotoxicity is important in the early stages of drug discovery to enable elimination of potentially toxic compounds from further development. This is critical to…
Application Note
The CellTiter-Glo assay from Promega uses luciferase enzyme, which requires ATP in order to generate light. The luminescent signal produced in the assay depends on the amount of ATP in…
Application Note
Traditional ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) substrate 3,3’,5,5’- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) often fail to detect low abundance…
Application Note
Genotyping is a process for analyzing genetic differences among individuals by examining their DNA sequences. The many methods available for genotyping enable researchers to…
Application Note
Adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP) is present in all living cells. Because the level is strictly controlled, the assay of ATP can be used as an indicator of viable cell number. ATP…
Application Note
Cell proliferation is an important parameter to measure when testing compound toxicity or the effect of cytokines on a population of cells. The DELFIA® cell proliferation assay is a…
Application Note
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field that has caught the interest of the scientific community due to its potential applications in biomedical research. Currently there are a…
Application Note
Promega’s Dual-Luciferase® Reporter (DLR) Assay System allows users to measure both firefly and Renilla luciferase activity in a single microplate well, with firefly acting as the…
Application Note
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are vital to cellular function and signaling. Many methods have been employed to study PPI, including co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays, as…
Application Note
Cell migration, the movement of cells from one location to another, is a critical component of both normal and abnormal biological processes. The importance of cell migration in…
Application Note
Gq protein-coupled receptor activation is commonly monitored in live cells in real time using calcium-sensitive dyes on a fluorescence plate reader. Automated liquid handling within…
Application Note
Protein detection is important for pharmaceutical and clinical research today, and western blots are among the most common methods employed for this purpose. Various techniques are…
Data Sheet
Read more about ScanLater Western Blot Detection System that includes ScanLater Western Blot Detection Cartridge, ScanLater Western Blot Assay Kit, & image acquisition.
Scientific Poster
Learn how to run complex cell-based assays while maintaining high-quality multi-parametric data output using a novel imaging cytometry system and object recognition software.
Scientific Poster
Discover how the SpectraMax i3 Multi-mode platform can be used to run HTRF assays to study GPCRs, kinases, cell signaling, and more in this poster.
Data Sheet
See more, and do more, with the SpectraMax® i3/i3x Multi-Mode Detection Platform, the field-upgradeable SpectraMax® MiniMax™ 300 Imaging Cytometer enables quick imaging and analysis…
Brochure
The SpectraMax i3x Multi-mode microplate reader measures spectral-based Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Luminescence with added functaionlity of modular upgrades for Western Blot, Imag…
Brochure
Molecular Devices is a leading provider of high-performance bioanalytical measurement solutions for life science research, pharmaceutical development, and biotherapeutic discovery. O…
SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode Detection Platform
Small Lab, Big Challenges - How the Right Reader can Impact Productivity
Critical Considerations for Choosing the Right Microplate Reader
High-throughput IgG quantitation platform for clone screening during drug discovery and development
Stable Cell Line Development Workflow
Immunology and Vaccine Development Workflow
Hybridoma Workflow
Urban myths of microplate readers: Read-Copy-Paste-Analyze. Repeat... Sound familiar?
Urban myths of microplate readers: Beyond the basics - real time, resolving time and transferring energy
Urban myths of microplate readers: “Optimization? But the manual says I need to be excited at 490nm!"
Urban myths of microplate readers: OD, RFU or RLU - What exactly are they and why bigger is not always better!
Urban myths of microplate readers: Which microplate reader? Decisions, decisions and how to be less confused!
Expanding Assay Applications with Multi-Mode Readers from ELISA to AlphaScreen
SpectraMax i3x
Accelerating study of viral infection and therapeutics with microplate-based detection and high-throughput screening
How to configure an ELISA endpoint protocol
Magnetic 3D Bioprinting, 3D Cell Culture in a 2D Workflow
Novel in Vitro Assay Tools for Cardiac Toxicity and Discovery
Novel Ways to Monitor Cell Growth and Cytotoxicity: StainFree Technology
SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader Detection Platform
Latest Citations: For a complete list, please click here .
*Source: https://scholar.google.com/
We have been developing a non-thermal, drug-free tumor therapy called Nano-Pulse Stimulation (NPS) that delivers ultrashort electric pulses to tumor cells which eliminates the tumor and inhibits secondary tumor growth. We hypothesized that the mechanism for inhibiting secondary tumor growth involves stimulating an adaptive immune response via an immunogenic form of apoptosis, commonly known as immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD is characterized by the emission of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that serve to recruit immune cells to the site of the tumor. Here we present evidence that NPS stimulates both caspase 3/7 activation indicative of apoptosis, as well as the emission of three critical DAMPs: ecto-calreticulin (CRT), ATP and HMGB1.
Kufor–Rakeb syndrome (KRS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9) and characterized by juvenile-onset parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, and cognitive decline. Previous studies suggested that PARK9 deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, whereas PARK9 overexpression suppresses toxicity of α-syn. However, the precise mechanism of PARK9 effect on lysosomes and α-syn has been unknown. Here, we found that overexpressed PARK9 localized to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the human H4 cell line. The results from patient fibroblasts showed that loss of PARK9 function leads to decreased number of the intraluminal vesicles in MVBs and diminished release of exosomes into culture media. By contrast, overexpression of PARK9 results in increased release of exosomes in H4 cells and mouse primary cortical neurons. Moreover, loss of PARK9 function resulted in decreased secretion of α-syn into extracellular space, whereas overexpressed PARK9 promotes secretion of α-syn, at least in part via exosomes. Finally, we found that PARK9 regulates exosome biogenesis through functional interaction with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery. Together, these data suggest the involvement of PARK9 in the biogenesis of exosomes and α-syn secretion and raise a possibility that disruption of these pathways in patients with KRS contributes to the disease pathogenesis.
Stem Cells derived human cardiomyocytes have phenotypic characteristics and electrophysiological profiles similar to those of native human cardiac cells.
SpectraMax® i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader System
| System Options | |
| Product | Part Number |
| SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode Microplate Reader with SoftMax Pro Software | i3x |
| SpectraMax MiniMax 300 Imaging Cytometer | 5024062 |
| SoftMax Pro 7.x GxP Software | by license bundle |
| SpectraTest (ABS2) Absorbance Validation Plate | 0200-6191 |
| SpectraTest (LM1) Luminescence Validation Plate | 0200-6186 |
| SpectraTest (FL1) Fluorescence Validation Plate | 0200-5060 |
| SpectraDrop Micro-Volume Starter Kit | 0200-6262 |
| SpectraDrop Micro-Volume HTS Kit | 0200-6267 |
| SpectraMax Detection Cartridge Options | |
| Product Name | Part Number |
| AlphaScreen Detection Cartridge (384 STD) | 0200-7017POS |
| AlphaScreen Detection Cartridge (384 HTS) | 0200-7018POS |
| AlphaScreen Detection Cartridge (1536 HTS) | 0200-7019POS |
| HTRF Detection Cartridge | 0200-7011POS |
| TRF Detection Cartridges | 0200-7008POS |
| Fluorescence Polarization Detection Cartridge (Fluorescein) |
0200-7009POS |
| Fluorescence Polarization Detection Cartridge (Rhodamine) | 0200-7010POS |
| Luminescence Detection Cartridge (Glow for 96-well plates) |
0200-7014POS |
| Luminescence Detection Cartridge (Glow 96- and 384-well plates) |
0200-7015POS |
| Luminescence Detection Cartridge (Glow 96-, 384-, and 1536-well plates) |
0200-7012POS |
| Dual Glow Luminescence Detection Cartridge (BRET2) |
0200-7016POS |
| Fluorescence Intensity Detection Cartridge (Courmarin-Fluorescein) |
0200-7002POS |
| Fluorescence Intensity Detection Cartridge (Fluorescein-Rhodamine) |
0200-7003POS |
| Fluorescence Intensity Detection Cartridge (Cy3-Cy5) |
0200-7004POS |
| ScanLater Western Blot Detection Cartridge | 0200-7027 |
| SpectraMax Injector Cartridge with SmartInject™ Technology | 0200-0729 |
Learn all about absorbance detection – how it works, how it’s measured, and how it can be used to…
AlphaScreen® Technology is a homogeneous, high-throughput method for detecting intramolecular…
Cell viability refers to the number of healthy cells in a population and can be evaluated using…
Transition of a cell through the cell cycle can be monitored using fluorescently labeled cell cycle…
Cell migration, the movement of cells from one location to another, is a critical component of both…
Cellular signaling allows cells to respond to their environment as well as to communicate with…
The drug discovery landscape is shifting, with more scientists centering cell line development,…
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are used to measure the amount of a specific protein,…
Learn all about fluorescence detection – what it is, how it works, and the instruments used to…
Fluorescence polarization (FP) is a technique that is widely used to monitor binding events in…
In therapeutic protein engineering and cell line development, IgG quantification is the process of…
Kinases are one of the most critical targets in drug discovery today. These enzymes are key…
Learn about luminescence detection – what it is, how it works, and the advantages of luminescence…
Microbes, including bacteria, have been estimated to make up about 15 percent of the earth’s…
Nanomaterials are typically less than 100 nm in diameter, small enough to penetrate mammalian cells…
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules common to all known life forms. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)…
Protein detection, quantitation, and analysis are central to the investigation of a wide variety of…
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, but researchers are making enormous strides towards…
Learn all about time-resolved fluorescence – TRF and TR-FRET including HTRF assays. We’ll provide…
Western blotting is a popular technique used for protein detection and quantitation. Learn about…
SUCCESS STORY
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